HMGB1 Antibody (C-term) [APR31536G]

HMGB1 Antibody (C-term) [APR31536G] | Gentaur UK, US & Europe Distribution

Product Category: Polyclonal Antibodies

Host: Rabbit

Species Reactivity: H

Specificity: This HMGB1 antibody is generated from rabbits immunized with a KLH conjugated synthetic peptide between 152-180 amino acids from the C-terminal region of human HMGB1.

Cellular Localisation: Nucleus {ECO:0000269|PubMed:12231511, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17114460, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20819940, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22869893, ECO:0000269|PubMed:27362237, ECO:0000269|PubMed:29618516, ECO:0000269|Ref.71}. Chromosome {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P10103, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63159, ECO:0000305}. Cytoplasm {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11154118, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12231511, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17114460, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20819940, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22869893, ECO:0000269|PubMed:29618516, ECO:0000269|Ref.71}. Secreted {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12231511, ECO:0000269|PubMed:14532127, ECO:0000269|PubMed:15944249, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19811284, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22869893, ECO:0000269|Ref.71}. Cell membrane {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63159, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11154118}; Peripheral membrane protein {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63159, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11154118}; Extracellular side {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63159, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11154118}. Endosome {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158}. Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158}. Note=In basal state predominantly nuclear. Shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus (PubMed:12231511, PubMed:17114460) . Translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm upon autophagy stimulation (PubMed:20819940) Release from macrophages in the extracellular milieu requires the activation of NLRC4 or NLRP3 inflammasomes (By similarity) . Passively released to the extracellular milieu from necrotic cells by diffusion, involving the fully reduced HGMB1 which subsequently gets oxidized (PubMed:19811284) . Also released from apoptotic cells (PubMed:16855214, PubMed:18631454) . Active secretion from a variety of immune and non- immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells and natural killer cells in response to various stimuli such as LPS and cytokines involves a nonconventional secretory process via secretory lysosomes (PubMed:12231511, PubMed:14532127, PubMed:15944249) . Secreted by plasma cells in response to LPS (By similarity) . Found on the surface of activated platelets (PubMed:11154118) . An increased chromatin association is observed when associated with the adenovirus protein pVII (PubMed:27362237) {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11154118, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12231511, ECO:0000269|PubMed:14532127, ECO:0000269|PubMed:15944249, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16855214, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17114460, ECO:0000269|PubMed:18631454, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19811284, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20819940, ECO:0000269|PubMed:27362237, ECO:0000305|PubMed:20123072}

Molecular Weight: 24894

Clone: Polyclonal

Gene Name: HMGB1

Gene ID: 3146

Function: Multifunctional redox sensitive protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. In the nucleus is one of the major chromatin-associated non-histone proteins and acts as a DNA chaperone involved in replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V (D) J recombination, DNA repair and genome stability (Ref.71) . Proposed to be an universal biosensor for nucleic acids. Promotes host inflammatory response to sterile and infectious signals and is involved in the coordination and integration of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the cytoplasm functions as sensor and/or chaperone for immunogenic nucleic acids implicating the activation of TLR9-mediated immune responses, and mediates autophagy. Acts as danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that amplifies immune responses during tissue injury (PubMed:27362237) . Released to the extracellular environment can bind DNA, nucleosomes, IL-1 beta, CXCL12, AGER isoform 2/sRAGE, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and activates cells through engagement of multiple surface receptors. In the extracellular compartment fully reduced HMGB1 (released by necrosis) acts as a chemokine, disulfide HMGB1 (actively secreted) as a cytokine, and sulfonyl HMGB1 (released from apoptotic cells) promotes immunological tolerance (PubMed:23519706, PubMed:23446148, PubMed:23994764, PubMed:25048472) . Has proangiogdenic activity (By similarity) . May be involved in platelet activation (By similarity) . Binds to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamide (By similarity) . Bound to RAGE mediates signaling for neuronal outgrowth (By similarity) . May play a role in accumulation of expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins such as huntingtin (HTT) or TBP (PubMed:23303669, PubMed:25549101) .

Summary: Tissue Location: Ubiquitous. Expressed in platelets (PubMed:11154118) .

Form: Purified polyclonal antibody supplied in PBS with 0.09% (W/V) sodium azide. This antibody is purified through a protein A column, followed by peptide affinity purification.

Storage: Maintain refrigerated at 2-8°C for up to 2 weeks. For long term storage store at -20°C in small aliquots to prevent freeze-thaw cycles.

Application: WB

Dilution: WB--1:1000

Synonyms: High mobility group protein B1, High mobility group protein 1, HMG-1, HMGB1, HMG1